next ollama runner (#7913)

feat: add new Ollama engine using ggml through cgo

This change introduces a new way to run pretrained models. It introduces 3 high level interfaces and a bunch of smaller helper interfaces to facilitate this.

- `model.Model` defines the interface for a model architecture. Models such as `llama` and `mllama`, which are provided as examples, can implement the model's forward propagation in the `Forward` method. This method will be called to generate completions. This interface can be found in `model/model.go`
- `ml.Backend` defines the interface for a backend tensor library, in this case `ggml`. Among other things, a Backend is responsible for loading a pretrained model into hardware (GPU, CPU, etc) and providing an interface for Models to access loaded tensors. This interface can be found in `ml/backend.go`
- `ml.Tensor` defines the interface for a tensor and tensor operations

This is the first implementation of the new engine. Follow up PRs will implement more features:

- non-greedy sampling (#8410)
- integration with Ollama and KV caching (#8301)
- more model support (#9080) with more coming soon

Co-authored-by: Bruce MacDonald <brucewmacdonald@gmail.com>

fs/ggml/ggml.go

@@ -0,0 +1,575 @@
+package ggml
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"log/slog"
+	"slices"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/fs/util/bufioutil"
+)
+
+type GGML struct {
+	container
+	model
+}
+
+type model interface {
+	KV() KV
+	Tensors() Tensors
+}
+
+type KV map[string]any
+
+func (kv KV) Architecture() string {
+	return kv.String("general.architecture", "unknown")
+}
+
+func (kv KV) Kind() string {
+	return kv.String("general.type", "unknown")
+}
+
+func (kv KV) ParameterCount() uint64 {
+	return keyValue[uint64](kv, "general.parameter_count")
+}
+
+func (kv KV) FileType() fileType {
+	if t := kv.Uint("general.file_type"); t > 0 {
+		return fileType(t)
+	}
+
+	return fileTypeUnknown
+}
+
+func (kv KV) BlockCount() uint64 {
+	return uint64(kv.Uint("block_count"))
+}
+
+func (kv KV) EmbeddingLength() uint64 {
+	return uint64(kv.Uint("embedding_length"))
+}
+
+func (kv KV) HeadCount() uint64 {
+	return uint64(kv.Uint("attention.head_count"))
+}
+
+func (kv KV) HeadCountKV() uint64 {
+	return uint64(kv.Uint("attention.head_count_kv", 1))
+}
+
+func (kv KV) EmbeddingHeadCount() uint64 {
+	if heads := kv.HeadCount(); heads > 0 {
+		return kv.EmbeddingLength() / heads
+	}
+
+	return 0
+}
+
+func (kv KV) EmbeddingHeadCountK() uint64 {
+	return uint64(kv.Uint("attention.key_length", uint32(kv.EmbeddingHeadCount())))
+}
+
+func (kv KV) EmbeddingHeadCountV() uint64 {
+	return uint64(kv.Uint("attention.value_length", uint32(kv.EmbeddingHeadCount())))
+}
+
+func (kv KV) GQA() uint64 {
+	return kv.HeadCount() / kv.HeadCountKV()
+}
+
+func (kv KV) ContextLength() uint64 {
+	return uint64(kv.Uint("context_length"))
+}
+
+func (kv KV) ChatTemplate() string {
+	return kv.String("tokenizer.chat_template")
+}
+
+func (kv KV) String(key string, defaultValue ...string) string {
+	return keyValue(kv, key, append(defaultValue, "")...)
+}
+
+func (kv KV) Uint(key string, defaultValue ...uint32) uint32 {
+	return keyValue(kv, key, append(defaultValue, 0)...)
+}
+
+func (kv KV) Float(key string, defaultValue ...float32) float32 {
+	return keyValue(kv, key, append(defaultValue, 0)...)
+}
+
+func (kv KV) Strings(key string, defaultValue ...[]string) []string {
+	r := keyValue(kv, key, &array{})
+	s := make([]string, r.size)
+	for i := range r.size {
+		s[i] = r.values[i].(string)
+	}
+
+	return s
+}
+
+func (kv KV) Uints(key string, defaultValue ...[]uint32) []uint32 {
+	r := keyValue(kv, key, &array{})
+	s := make([]uint32, r.size)
+	for i := range r.size {
+		s[i] = uint32(r.values[i].(int32))
+	}
+
+	return s
+}
+
+func keyValue[T string | uint32 | uint64 | float32 | *array](kv KV, key string, defaultValue ...T) T {
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(key, "tokenizer.") && !strings.HasPrefix(key, "general.") {
+		key = kv.Architecture() + "." + key
+	}
+
+	if val, ok := kv[key]; ok {
+		return val.(T)
+	}
+
+	slog.Warn("key not found", "key", key, "default", defaultValue[0])
+	return defaultValue[0]
+}
+
+type Tensors struct {
+	items  []*Tensor
+	Offset uint64
+}
+
+func (s Tensors) Items(prefix ...string) []*Tensor {
+	if len(prefix) == 0 {
+		return s.items
+	}
+
+	var items []*Tensor
+	for _, t := range s.items {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(t.Name, prefix[0]) {
+			items = append(items, t)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return items
+}
+
+func (ts Tensors) GroupLayers() map[string]Layer {
+	layers := make(map[string]Layer)
+	for _, t := range ts.items {
+		parts := strings.Split(t.Name, ".")
+		if index := slices.IndexFunc(parts, func(s string) bool { return s == "blk" || s == "mm" }); index != -1 {
+			if len(parts) > index+2 {
+				// blk and mm should have a number after them, join it
+				parts = append(
+					[]string{strings.Join(parts[:index+2], ".")},
+					parts[index+2:]...)
+			}
+		}
+
+		if _, ok := layers[parts[0]]; !ok {
+			layers[parts[0]] = make(Layer)
+		}
+
+		layers[parts[0]][strings.Join(parts[1:], ".")] = t
+	}
+
+	return layers
+}
+
+type Layer map[string]*Tensor
+
+func (l Layer) Size() (size uint64) {
+	for _, t := range l {
+		size += t.Size()
+	}
+
+	return size
+}
+
+type Tensor struct {
+	Name   string `json:"name"`
+	Kind   uint32 `json:"kind"`
+	Offset uint64 `json:"-"`
+
+	// Shape is the number of elements in each dimension
+	Shape []uint64 `json:"shape"`
+
+	io.WriterTo `json:"-"`
+}
+
+func (t Tensor) block() (n int) {
+	if _, err := fmt.Sscanf(t.Name, "blk.%d.", &n); err != nil {
+		return -1
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+func (t Tensor) blockSize() uint64 {
+	switch t.Kind {
+	case 0, 1, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30: // F32, F16, I8, I16, I32, I64, F64, BF16
+		return 1
+	case 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 20: // Q4_0, Q4_1, Q5_0, Q5_1, Q8_0, Q8_1, IQ4_NL
+		return 32
+	default: // All others
+		return 256
+	}
+}
+
+func (t Tensor) typeSize() uint64 {
+	blockSize := t.blockSize()
+
+	switch t.Kind {
+	case 0: // FP32
+		return 4
+	case 1: // FP16
+		return 2
+	case 2: // Q4_0
+		return 2 + blockSize/2
+	case 3: // Q4_1
+		return 2 + 2 + blockSize/2
+	case 6: // Q5_0
+		return 2 + 4 + blockSize/2
+	case 7: // Q5_1
+		return 2 + 2 + 4 + blockSize/2
+	case 8: // Q8_0
+		return 2 + blockSize
+	case 9: // Q8_1
+		return 4 + 4 + blockSize
+	case 10: // Q2_K
+		return blockSize/16 + blockSize/4 + 2 + 2
+	case 11: // Q3_K
+		return blockSize/8 + blockSize/4 + 12 + 2
+	case 12: // Q4_K
+		return 2 + 2 + 12 + blockSize/2
+	case 13: // Q5_K
+		return 2 + 2 + 12 + blockSize/8 + blockSize/2
+	case 14: // Q6_K
+		return blockSize/2 + blockSize/4 + blockSize/16 + 2
+	case 15: // Q8_K
+		return 2 + blockSize + 2*blockSize/16
+	case 16: // IQ2_XXS
+		return 2 + 2*blockSize/8
+	case 17: // IQ2_XS
+		return 2 + 2*blockSize/8 + blockSize/32
+	case 18: // IQ3_XXS
+		return 2 + blockSize/4 + blockSize/8
+	case 19: // IQ1_S
+		return 2 + blockSize/8 + blockSize/16
+	case 20: // IQ4_NL
+		return 2 + blockSize/2
+	case 21: // IQ3_S
+		return 2 + blockSize/4 + blockSize/8 + blockSize/32 + 4
+	case 22: // IQ2_S
+		return 2 + blockSize/4 + blockSize/16
+	case 23: // IQ4_XS
+		return 2 + 2 + blockSize/2 + blockSize/64
+	case 24: // I8
+		return 1
+	case 25: // I16
+		return 2
+	case 26: // I32
+		return 4
+	case 27: // I64
+		return 8
+	case 28: // F64
+		return 8
+	case 29: // IQ1_M
+		return blockSize/8 + blockSize/16 + blockSize/32
+	default:
+		return 0
+	}
+}
+
+func (t Tensor) parameters() uint64 {
+	var count uint64 = 1
+	for _, n := range t.Shape {
+		count *= n
+	}
+	return count
+}
+
+func (t Tensor) Size() uint64 {
+	return t.parameters() * t.typeSize() / t.blockSize()
+}
+
+type container interface {
+	Name() string
+	Decode(io.ReadSeeker) (model, error)
+}
+
+const (
+	// Magic constant for `ggml` files (unversioned).
+	FILE_MAGIC_GGML = 0x67676d6c
+	// Magic constant for `ggml` files (versioned, ggmf).
+	FILE_MAGIC_GGMF = 0x67676d66
+	// Magic constant for `ggml` files (versioned, ggjt).
+	FILE_MAGIC_GGJT = 0x67676a74
+	// Magic constant for `ggla` files (LoRA adapter).
+	FILE_MAGIC_GGLA = 0x67676C61
+	// Magic constant for `gguf` files (versioned, gguf)
+	FILE_MAGIC_GGUF_LE = 0x46554747
+	FILE_MAGIC_GGUF_BE = 0x47475546
+)
+
+var ErrUnsupportedFormat = errors.New("unsupported model format")
+
+func DetectContentType(b []byte) string {
+	switch binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(b[:4]) {
+	case FILE_MAGIC_GGML:
+		return "ggml"
+	case FILE_MAGIC_GGMF:
+		return "ggmf"
+	case FILE_MAGIC_GGJT:
+		return "ggjt"
+	case FILE_MAGIC_GGLA:
+		return "ggla"
+	case FILE_MAGIC_GGUF_LE, FILE_MAGIC_GGUF_BE:
+		return "gguf"
+	default:
+		return ""
+	}
+}
+
+// Decode decodes a GGML model from the given reader.
+//
+// It collects array values for arrays with a size less than or equal to
+// maxArraySize. If maxArraySize is 0, the default value of 1024 is used. If
+// the maxArraySize is negative, all arrays are collected.
+func Decode(rs io.ReadSeeker, maxArraySize int) (*GGML, int64, error) {
+	if maxArraySize == 0 {
+		maxArraySize = 1024
+	}
+
+	rs = bufioutil.NewBufferedSeeker(rs, 32<<10)
+
+	var magic uint32
+	if err := binary.Read(rs, binary.LittleEndian, &magic); err != nil {
+		return nil, 0, err
+	}
+
+	var c container
+	switch magic {
+	case FILE_MAGIC_GGUF_LE:
+		c = &containerGGUF{ByteOrder: binary.LittleEndian, maxArraySize: maxArraySize}
+	case FILE_MAGIC_GGUF_BE:
+		c = &containerGGUF{ByteOrder: binary.BigEndian, maxArraySize: maxArraySize}
+	default:
+		return nil, 0, errors.New("invalid file magic")
+	}
+
+	model, err := c.Decode(rs)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, 0, err
+	}
+
+	offset, err := rs.Seek(0, io.SeekCurrent)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, 0, err
+	}
+
+	// final model type
+	return &GGML{
+		container: c,
+		model:     model,
+	}, offset, nil
+}
+
+func (f GGML) GraphSize(context, batch uint64, kvCacheType string) (kv, partialOffload, fullOffload uint64) {
+	embedding := f.KV().EmbeddingLength()
+	heads := f.KV().HeadCount()
+	headsKV := f.KV().HeadCountKV()
+	vocab := uint64(f.KV()["tokenizer.ggml.tokens"].(*array).size)
+
+	embeddingHeads := f.KV().EmbeddingHeadCount()
+	embeddingHeadsK := f.KV().EmbeddingHeadCountK()
+	embeddingHeadsV := f.KV().EmbeddingHeadCountV()
+
+	layers := f.Tensors().GroupLayers()
+
+	bytesPerElement := kvCacheBytesPerElement(kvCacheType)
+	kv = uint64(float64(context*f.KV().BlockCount()*(embeddingHeadsK+embeddingHeadsV)*headsKV) * bytesPerElement)
+
+	switch f.KV().Architecture() {
+	case "llama":
+		fullOffload = max(
+			4*batch*(1+4*embedding+context*(1+heads)),
+			4*batch*(embedding+vocab),
+		)
+
+		partialOffload = 4 * batch * embedding
+		partialOffload += max(
+			4*batch*(1+embedding+max(context, embedding))+embedding*embedding*9/16+4*context*(batch*heads+embeddingHeads*headsKV),
+			4*batch*(embedding+vocab)+embedding*vocab*105/128,
+		)
+
+		if ffnGateExpsWeight, ok := layers["blk.0"]["ffn_gate_exps.weight"]; ok {
+			// mixtral 8x22b
+			ff := uint64(f.KV()["llama.feed_forward_length"].(uint32))
+			partialOffload = max(
+				3*ffnGateExpsWeight.Size()+4*batch*(2*ff+headsKV+embedding+context+embeddingHeads*headsKV),
+				4*(context*batch*heads+context*embeddingHeads*headsKV+batch*1024+embeddingHeads*headsKV*batch),
+			)
+		} else if ffnGateWeight, ok := layers["blk.0"]["ffn_gate.0.weight"]; ok {
+			// mixtral 8x7b
+			ffnGateWeight1 := ffnGateWeight.Shape[1]
+			fullOffload = 4 * batch * (2 + 3*embedding + context*(1+heads) + 2*headsKV + ffnGateWeight1)
+			partialOffload = max(
+				4*batch*(3+embeddingHeads*headsKV+embedding+context*(1+heads)+ffnGateWeight1)+(embedding*embedding+3*embedding*headsKV*ffnGateWeight1)*9/16,
+				4*batch*(1+2*embedding+context*(1+heads))+embedding*(6*context*headsKV/heads+embedding*9/16),
+			)
+		}
+	case "mllama":
+		var visionTokens, tiles uint64 = 1601, 4
+
+		if crossAttentionLayers, ok := f.KV()["mllama.attention.cross_attention_layers"].(*array); ok {
+			kv = headsKV *
+				(embeddingHeadsK + embeddingHeadsV) * // one for K, one for V
+				(2* // sizeof(float16)
+					(f.KV().BlockCount()-uint64(crossAttentionLayers.size))* // num non-cross attention layers
+					context +
+					4* // sizeof(float32)
+						uint64(crossAttentionLayers.size)* // num cross attention layers
+						visionTokens*
+						tiles)
+		}
+
+		fullOffload = max(
+			4*batch*(2+3*embedding+embeddingHeadsK*heads+context*(1+heads)),
+			// vocab graph
+			4*batch*(embedding+vocab),
+		)
+
+		var ropeFreqsCount uint64
+		if ropeFreqs, ok := f.Tensors().GroupLayers()["rope_freqs"]; ok {
+			if ropeFreqsWeights, ok := ropeFreqs["weights"]; ok {
+				ropeFreqsCount = ropeFreqsWeights.parameters()
+			}
+		}
+
+		partialOffload = max(
+			4*(batch*
+				(2*embedding+1+context*(1+heads)+embeddingHeadsK*heads)+
+				ropeFreqsCount+
+				embeddingHeadsK*context*headsKV),
+			// vocab graph
+			4*batch*(embedding+vocab)+embedding*vocab*105/128,
+		)
+	case "gemma", "gemma2":
+		fullOffload = max(
+			4*batch*(embedding+vocab),
+			4*batch*(2+context+context*heads+2*embedding+2*embeddingHeadsK*heads),
+		)
+
+		partialOffload = max(
+			4*embedding*batch+embedding*vocab*105/128+4*vocab*batch,
+			4*batch*(2*embedding+1+2*embeddingHeadsK*heads+context+context*heads)+
+				4*embeddingHeadsK*context*8+
+				embedding*embeddingHeadsK*heads*9/16,
+		)
+	case "command-r":
+		fullOffload = max(
+			4*batch*(embedding+vocab),
+			4*batch*(2+4*embedding+context*(1+heads)),
+		)
+
+		partialOffload = max(
+			4*batch*(embedding+vocab)+embedding*vocab*105/128,
+			4*batch*(1+2*embedding+context*(1+heads))+4*embedding*context+embedding*embedding*9/16,
+		)
+	case "qwen2":
+		fullOffload = max(
+			4*batch*(embedding+vocab),
+			4*batch*(1+2*embedding+context+context*heads),
+		)
+
+		partialOffload = max(
+			4*batch*(embedding+vocab)+embedding*vocab*105/128,
+			4*(batch*(1+2*embedding+context*(1+heads))+embedding*(1+context)),
+		)
+	case "phi2":
+		fullOffload = max(
+			4*batch*(embedding+vocab),
+			4*batch*(1+4*embedding+context+context*heads),
+		)
+
+		partialOffload = max(
+			4*batch*(2*embedding+vocab)+embedding*vocab*105/128,
+			4*batch*(2+3*embedding+context+context*heads),
+		)
+	case "stablelm":
+		fullOffload = 4 * batch * (context*(1+heads) + 3*embedding + 2)
+		partialOffload = max(
+			4*batch*(vocab+2*embedding),
+			fullOffload,
+		)
+	case "deepseek2":
+		fullOffload = max(
+			4*batch*(3*embedding+vocab),
+			4*batch*(3*embedding+2+context*(1+headsKV)+2*embeddingHeadsK*headsKV),
+		)
+
+		partialOffload = max(
+			4*batch*(3*embedding+vocab)+embedding*vocab*105/128,
+			4*batch*(2*embedding+1+2*embeddingHeadsK*headsKV+context+context*headsKV)+4*embeddingHeadsK*context*headsKV+embedding*embeddingHeadsK*headsKV*9/16,
+		)
+	case "chatglm":
+		fullOffload = 4 * batch * (embedding + vocab)
+		partialOffload = 4*batch*(embedding+vocab) + embedding*vocab*105/128
+		if qkvBias, ok := layers["blk.0"]["attn_qkv.bias"]; ok {
+			fullOffload = max(
+				fullOffload,
+				4*batch*(2+
+					2*embedding+
+					context+
+					context*heads+
+					embeddingHeadsK*heads+
+					qkvBias.Shape[0]),
+			)
+
+			partialOffload = max(
+				partialOffload,
+				4*batch*(1+
+					2*embedding+
+					embeddingHeadsK*heads+
+					context+
+					context*heads)+
+					4*embeddingHeadsK*context+
+					4*context*embeddingHeadsK+
+					4*qkvBias.Shape[0],
+			)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+// SupportsKVCacheType checks if the requested cache type is supported
+func (f GGML) SupportsKVCacheType(cacheType string) bool {
+	return slices.Contains([]string{"f16", "q8_0", "q4_0"}, cacheType)
+}
+
+// SupportsFlashAttention checks if the model supports flash attention
+func (f GGML) SupportsFlashAttention() bool {
+	_, isEmbedding := f.KV()[fmt.Sprintf("%s.pooling_type", f.KV().Architecture())]
+	if isEmbedding {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	// Check head counts match and are non-zero
+	headCountK := f.KV().EmbeddingHeadCountK()
+	headCountV := f.KV().EmbeddingHeadCountV()
+	return headCountK != 0 && headCountV != 0 && headCountK == headCountV
+}
+
+// kvCacheBytesPerElement returns the number of bytes per element for a given KV cache type
+func kvCacheBytesPerElement(cacheType string) float64 {
+	switch cacheType {
+	case "q8_0":
+		return 1 // 1/2 of fp16
+	case "q4_0":
+		return 0.5 // 1/4 of fp16
+	default:
+		return 2 // f16 (default)
+	}
+}

fs/ggml/ggml_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+package ggml
+
+import (
+	"maps"
+	"slices"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
+)
+
+func TestTensorLayers(t *testing.T) {
+	tensors := make(map[string]*Tensor)
+	for _, name := range []string{
+		"token_embd.weight",
+		"blk.0.attn_k.weight",
+		"blk.0.attn_output.weight",
+		"blk.0.attn_q.weight",
+		"blk.0.attn_v.weight",
+		"blk.0.attn_norm.weight",
+		"blk.0.ffn_down.weight",
+		"blk.0.ffn_gate.weight",
+		"blk.0.ffn_up.weight",
+		"blk.0.ffn_norm.weight",
+		"output_norm.weight",
+		"mm.0.bias",
+		"mm.0.weight",
+		"v.blk.0.attn_k.weight",
+		"v.blk.0.attn_output.weight",
+		"v.blk.0.attn_q.weight",
+		"v.blk.0.attn_v.weight",
+		"v.blk.0.attn_norm.weight",
+		"v.blk.0.ffn_down.weight",
+		"v.blk.0.ffn_gate.weight",
+		"v.blk.0.ffn_up.weight",
+		"v.blk.0.ffn_norm.weight",
+		"v.patch_embd.weight",
+		"v.position_embd.gate",
+		"v.position_embd.weight",
+	} {
+		tensors[name] = &Tensor{Name: name}
+	}
+
+	cases := []struct {
+		name  string
+		items []*Tensor
+		want  map[string]Layer
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "text",
+			items: slices.Collect(func(yield func(*Tensor) bool) {
+				for k, v := range tensors {
+					if !strings.HasPrefix(k, "mm.") && !strings.HasPrefix(k, "v.") {
+						if !yield(v) {
+							return
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}),
+			want: map[string]Layer{
+				"blk.0": {
+					"attn_k.weight":      tensors["blk.0.attn_k.weight"],
+					"attn_q.weight":      tensors["blk.0.attn_q.weight"],
+					"attn_v.weight":      tensors["blk.0.attn_v.weight"],
+					"attn_output.weight": tensors["blk.0.attn_output.weight"],
+					"attn_norm.weight":   tensors["blk.0.attn_norm.weight"],
+					"ffn_down.weight":    tensors["blk.0.ffn_down.weight"],
+					"ffn_gate.weight":    tensors["blk.0.ffn_gate.weight"],
+					"ffn_up.weight":      tensors["blk.0.ffn_up.weight"],
+					"ffn_norm.weight":    tensors["blk.0.ffn_norm.weight"],
+				},
+				"token_embd":  {"weight": tensors["token_embd.weight"]},
+				"output_norm": {"weight": tensors["output_norm.weight"]},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "vision",
+			items: slices.Collect(func(yield func(*Tensor) bool) {
+				for k, v := range tensors {
+					if strings.HasPrefix(k, "mm.") || strings.HasPrefix(k, "v.") {
+						if !yield(v) {
+							return
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}),
+			want: map[string]Layer{
+				"mm.0": {
+					"bias":   tensors["mm.0.bias"],
+					"weight": tensors["mm.0.weight"],
+				},
+				"v.blk.0": {
+					"attn_k.weight":      tensors["v.blk.0.attn_k.weight"],
+					"attn_q.weight":      tensors["v.blk.0.attn_q.weight"],
+					"attn_v.weight":      tensors["v.blk.0.attn_v.weight"],
+					"attn_output.weight": tensors["v.blk.0.attn_output.weight"],
+					"attn_norm.weight":   tensors["v.blk.0.attn_norm.weight"],
+					"ffn_down.weight":    tensors["v.blk.0.ffn_down.weight"],
+					"ffn_gate.weight":    tensors["v.blk.0.ffn_gate.weight"],
+					"ffn_up.weight":      tensors["v.blk.0.ffn_up.weight"],
+					"ffn_norm.weight":    tensors["v.blk.0.ffn_norm.weight"],
+				},
+				"v": {
+					"patch_embd.weight":    tensors["v.patch_embd.weight"],
+					"position_embd.gate":   tensors["v.position_embd.gate"],
+					"position_embd.weight": tensors["v.position_embd.weight"],
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "vision and text",
+			items: slices.Collect(maps.Values(tensors)),
+			want: map[string]Layer{
+				"blk.0": {
+					"attn_k.weight":      tensors["blk.0.attn_k.weight"],
+					"attn_q.weight":      tensors["blk.0.attn_q.weight"],
+					"attn_v.weight":      tensors["blk.0.attn_v.weight"],
+					"attn_output.weight": tensors["blk.0.attn_output.weight"],
+					"attn_norm.weight":   tensors["blk.0.attn_norm.weight"],
+					"ffn_down.weight":    tensors["blk.0.ffn_down.weight"],
+					"ffn_gate.weight":    tensors["blk.0.ffn_gate.weight"],
+					"ffn_up.weight":      tensors["blk.0.ffn_up.weight"],
+					"ffn_norm.weight":    tensors["blk.0.ffn_norm.weight"],
+				},
+				"token_embd":  {"weight": tensors["token_embd.weight"]},
+				"output_norm": {"weight": tensors["output_norm.weight"]},
+				"mm.0": {
+					"bias":   tensors["mm.0.bias"],
+					"weight": tensors["mm.0.weight"],
+				},
+				"v.blk.0": {
+					"attn_k.weight":      tensors["v.blk.0.attn_k.weight"],
+					"attn_q.weight":      tensors["v.blk.0.attn_q.weight"],
+					"attn_v.weight":      tensors["v.blk.0.attn_v.weight"],
+					"attn_output.weight": tensors["v.blk.0.attn_output.weight"],
+					"attn_norm.weight":   tensors["v.blk.0.attn_norm.weight"],
+					"ffn_down.weight":    tensors["v.blk.0.ffn_down.weight"],
+					"ffn_gate.weight":    tensors["v.blk.0.ffn_gate.weight"],
+					"ffn_up.weight":      tensors["v.blk.0.ffn_up.weight"],
+					"ffn_norm.weight":    tensors["v.blk.0.ffn_norm.weight"],
+				},
+				"v": {
+					"patch_embd.weight":    tensors["v.patch_embd.weight"],
+					"position_embd.gate":   tensors["v.position_embd.gate"],
+					"position_embd.weight": tensors["v.position_embd.weight"],
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range cases {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got := Tensors{items: tt.items}.GroupLayers()
+			if diff := cmp.Diff(got, tt.want); diff != "" {
+				t.Errorf("unexpected layers (-got +want):\n%s", diff)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

fs/ggml/gguf.go

@@ -0,0 +1,661 @@
+package ggml
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"cmp"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"log/slog"
+	"maps"
+	"slices"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+type containerGGUF struct {
+	ByteOrder binary.ByteOrder
+
+	Version uint32
+
+	V1 struct {
+		NumTensor uint32
+		NumKV     uint32
+	}
+
+	V2 struct {
+		NumTensor uint64
+		NumKV     uint64
+	}
+
+	V3 struct {
+		NumTensor uint64
+		NumKV     uint64
+	}
+
+	maxArraySize int
+}
+
+func (c *containerGGUF) canCollectArray(size int) bool {
+	return c.maxArraySize < 0 || size <= c.maxArraySize
+}
+
+func (c *containerGGUF) Name() string {
+	return "gguf"
+}
+
+func (c *containerGGUF) Decode(rs io.ReadSeeker) (model, error) {
+	if err := binary.Read(rs, c.ByteOrder, &c.Version); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	var err error
+	switch c.Version {
+	case 1:
+		err = binary.Read(rs, c.ByteOrder, &c.V1)
+	case 2:
+		err = binary.Read(rs, c.ByteOrder, &c.V2)
+	default:
+		err = binary.Read(rs, c.ByteOrder, &c.V3)
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	model := newGGUF(c)
+	if err := model.Decode(rs); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return model, nil
+}
+
+const (
+	ggufTypeUint8 uint32 = iota
+	ggufTypeInt8
+	ggufTypeUint16
+	ggufTypeInt16
+	ggufTypeUint32
+	ggufTypeInt32
+	ggufTypeFloat32
+	ggufTypeBool
+	ggufTypeString
+	ggufTypeArray
+	ggufTypeUint64
+	ggufTypeInt64
+	ggufTypeFloat64
+)
+
+type gguf struct {
+	*containerGGUF
+
+	kv      KV
+	tensors []*Tensor
+
+	parameters   uint64
+	tensorOffset uint64
+
+	scratch [16 << 10]byte
+}
+
+func newGGUF(container *containerGGUF) *gguf {
+	return &gguf{
+		containerGGUF: container,
+		kv:            make(KV),
+	}
+}
+
+func (llm *gguf) KV() KV {
+	return llm.kv
+}
+
+func (llm *gguf) Tensors() Tensors {
+	return Tensors{
+		items:  llm.tensors,
+		Offset: llm.tensorOffset,
+	}
+}
+
+func (llm *gguf) numTensor() uint64 {
+	switch llm.Version {
+	case 1:
+		return uint64(llm.V1.NumTensor)
+	case 2:
+		return llm.V2.NumTensor
+	default:
+		return llm.V3.NumTensor
+	}
+}
+
+func (llm *gguf) numKV() uint64 {
+	switch llm.Version {
+	case 1:
+		return uint64(llm.V1.NumKV)
+	case 2:
+		return llm.V2.NumKV
+	default:
+		return llm.V3.NumKV
+	}
+}
+
+func (llm *gguf) Decode(rs io.ReadSeeker) error {
+	// decode key-values
+	for i := 0; uint64(i) < llm.numKV(); i++ {
+		k, err := readGGUFString(llm, rs)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		t, err := readGGUF[uint32](llm, rs)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		var v any
+		switch t {
+		case ggufTypeUint8:
+			v, err = readGGUF[uint8](llm, rs)
+		case ggufTypeInt8:
+			v, err = readGGUF[int8](llm, rs)
+		case ggufTypeUint16:
+			v, err = readGGUF[uint16](llm, rs)
+		case ggufTypeInt16:
+			v, err = readGGUF[int16](llm, rs)
+		case ggufTypeUint32:
+			v, err = readGGUF[uint32](llm, rs)
+		case ggufTypeInt32:
+			v, err = readGGUF[int32](llm, rs)
+		case ggufTypeUint64:
+			v, err = readGGUF[uint64](llm, rs)
+		case ggufTypeInt64:
+			v, err = readGGUF[int64](llm, rs)
+		case ggufTypeFloat32:
+			v, err = readGGUF[float32](llm, rs)
+		case ggufTypeFloat64:
+			v, err = readGGUF[float64](llm, rs)
+		case ggufTypeBool:
+			v, err = readGGUF[bool](llm, rs)
+		case ggufTypeString:
+			v, err = readGGUFString(llm, rs)
+		case ggufTypeArray:
+			v, err = readGGUFArray(llm, rs)
+		default:
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid type: %d", t)
+		}
+
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		llm.kv[k] = v
+	}
+
+	// decode tensors
+	for range llm.numTensor() {
+		name, err := readGGUFString(llm, rs)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to read tensor name: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		// dims is the number of dimensions in the tensor
+		dims, err := readGGUF[uint32](llm, rs)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to read tensor dimensions: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		shape := make([]uint64, dims)
+		for i := 0; uint32(i) < dims; i++ {
+			shape[i], err = readGGUF[uint64](llm, rs)
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("failed to read tensor shape: %w", err)
+			}
+		}
+
+		kind, err := readGGUF[uint32](llm, rs)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to read tensor kind: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		offset, err := readGGUF[uint64](llm, rs)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to read tensor offset: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		tensor := Tensor{
+			Name:   name,
+			Kind:   kind,
+			Offset: offset,
+			Shape:  shape[:],
+		}
+
+		llm.tensors = append(llm.tensors, &tensor)
+		llm.parameters += tensor.parameters()
+	}
+
+	// patch KV with parameter count
+	llm.kv["general.parameter_count"] = llm.parameters
+
+	alignment, ok := llm.kv["general.alignment"].(uint32)
+	if !ok {
+		alignment = 32
+	}
+
+	offset, err := rs.Seek(0, io.SeekCurrent)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	padding := ggufPadding(offset, int64(alignment))
+	llm.tensorOffset = uint64(offset + padding)
+
+	for _, tensor := range llm.tensors {
+		offset, err := rs.Seek(0, io.SeekCurrent)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to get current offset: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		padding := ggufPadding(offset, int64(alignment))
+		if _, err := rs.Seek(padding, io.SeekCurrent); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to seek to init padding: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		if _, err := rs.Seek(int64(tensor.Size()), io.SeekCurrent); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to seek to tensor: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func readGGUF[T any](llm *gguf, r io.Reader) (T, error) {
+	var t T
+	err := binary.Read(r, llm.ByteOrder, &t)
+	return t, err
+}
+
+func writeGGUF[V any](w io.Writer, t uint32, v V) error {
+	if err := binary.Write(w, binary.LittleEndian, t); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return binary.Write(w, binary.LittleEndian, v)
+}
+
+func readGGUFV1String(llm *gguf, r io.Reader) (string, error) {
+	var length uint64
+	if err := binary.Read(r, llm.ByteOrder, &length); err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	var b bytes.Buffer
+	if _, err := io.CopyN(&b, r, int64(length)); err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	// gguf v1 strings are null-terminated
+	b.Truncate(b.Len() - 1)
+
+	return b.String(), nil
+}
+
+func discardGGUFString(llm *gguf, r io.Reader) error {
+	buf := llm.scratch[:8]
+	_, err := io.ReadFull(r, buf)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	size := int(llm.ByteOrder.Uint64(buf))
+	for size > 0 {
+		n, err := r.Read(llm.scratch[:min(size, cap(llm.scratch))])
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		size -= n
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func readGGUFString(llm *gguf, r io.Reader) (string, error) {
+	if llm.Version == 1 {
+		return readGGUFV1String(llm, r)
+	}
+
+	buf := llm.scratch[:8]
+	_, err := io.ReadFull(r, buf)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	length := int(llm.ByteOrder.Uint64(buf))
+	if length > len(llm.scratch) {
+		buf = make([]byte, length)
+	} else {
+		buf = llm.scratch[:length]
+	}
+	clear(buf)
+
+	_, err = io.ReadFull(r, buf)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return string(buf), nil
+}
+
+func writeGGUFString(w io.Writer, s string) error {
+	if err := binary.Write(w, binary.LittleEndian, ggufTypeString); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if err := binary.Write(w, binary.LittleEndian, uint64(len(s))); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	_, err := io.Copy(w, strings.NewReader(s))
+	return err
+}
+
+type array struct {
+	size   int
+	values []any
+}
+
+func (a *array) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	return json.Marshal(a.values)
+}
+
+func readGGUFV1Array(llm *gguf, r io.Reader) (*array, error) {
+	t, err := readGGUF[uint32](llm, r)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	n, err := readGGUF[uint32](llm, r)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	a := &array{size: int(n)}
+	if llm.canCollectArray(int(n)) {
+		a.values = make([]any, 0, int(n))
+	}
+
+	for i := range n {
+		var e any
+		switch t {
+		case ggufTypeUint8:
+			e, err = readGGUF[uint8](llm, r)
+		case ggufTypeInt8:
+			e, err = readGGUF[int8](llm, r)
+		case ggufTypeUint16:
+			e, err = readGGUF[uint16](llm, r)
+		case ggufTypeInt16:
+			e, err = readGGUF[int16](llm, r)
+		case ggufTypeUint32:
+			e, err = readGGUF[uint32](llm, r)
+		case ggufTypeInt32:
+			e, err = readGGUF[int32](llm, r)
+		case ggufTypeUint64:
+			e, err = readGGUF[uint64](llm, r)
+		case ggufTypeInt64:
+			e, err = readGGUF[int64](llm, r)
+		case ggufTypeFloat32:
+			e, err = readGGUF[float32](llm, r)
+		case ggufTypeFloat64:
+			e, err = readGGUF[float64](llm, r)
+		case ggufTypeBool:
+			e, err = readGGUF[bool](llm, r)
+		case ggufTypeString:
+			e, err = readGGUFV1String(llm, r)
+		default:
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid array type: %d", t)
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		if a.values != nil {
+			a.values[i] = e
+		}
+	}
+
+	return a, nil
+}
+
+func readGGUFArray(llm *gguf, r io.Reader) (*array, error) {
+	if llm.Version == 1 {
+		return readGGUFV1Array(llm, r)
+	}
+
+	t, err := readGGUF[uint32](llm, r)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	n, err := readGGUF[uint64](llm, r)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	a := &array{size: int(n)}
+	if llm.canCollectArray(int(n)) {
+		a.values = make([]any, int(n))
+	}
+
+	for i := range n {
+		var e any
+		switch t {
+		case ggufTypeUint8:
+			e, err = readGGUF[uint8](llm, r)
+		case ggufTypeInt8:
+			e, err = readGGUF[int8](llm, r)
+		case ggufTypeUint16:
+			e, err = readGGUF[uint16](llm, r)
+		case ggufTypeInt16:
+			e, err = readGGUF[int16](llm, r)
+		case ggufTypeUint32:
+			e, err = readGGUF[uint32](llm, r)
+		case ggufTypeInt32:
+			e, err = readGGUF[int32](llm, r)
+		case ggufTypeUint64:
+			e, err = readGGUF[uint64](llm, r)
+		case ggufTypeInt64:
+			e, err = readGGUF[int64](llm, r)
+		case ggufTypeFloat32:
+			e, err = readGGUF[float32](llm, r)
+		case ggufTypeFloat64:
+			e, err = readGGUF[float64](llm, r)
+		case ggufTypeBool:
+			e, err = readGGUF[bool](llm, r)
+		case ggufTypeString:
+			if a.values != nil {
+				e, err = readGGUFString(llm, r)
+			} else {
+				err = discardGGUFString(llm, r)
+			}
+		default:
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid array type: %d", t)
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		if a.values != nil {
+			a.values[i] = e
+		}
+	}
+
+	return a, nil
+}
+
+// writeGGUFArray writes a slice s of type E to the write with a gguf type of t
+func writeGGUFArray[S ~[]E, E any](w io.Writer, t uint32, s S) error {
+	if err := binary.Write(w, binary.LittleEndian, ggufTypeArray); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if err := binary.Write(w, binary.LittleEndian, t); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if err := binary.Write(w, binary.LittleEndian, uint64(len(s))); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return binary.Write(w, binary.LittleEndian, s)
+}
+
+func WriteGGUF(ws io.WriteSeeker, kv KV, ts []Tensor) error {
+	if err := binary.Write(ws, binary.LittleEndian, []byte("GGUF")); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if err := binary.Write(ws, binary.LittleEndian, uint32(3)); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if err := binary.Write(ws, binary.LittleEndian, uint64(len(ts))); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if err := binary.Write(ws, binary.LittleEndian, uint64(len(kv))); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	keys := slices.Collect(maps.Keys(kv))
+	slices.Sort(keys)
+
+	for _, key := range keys {
+		if err := ggufWriteKV(ws, key, kv[key]); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	slices.SortStableFunc(ts, func(a, b Tensor) int {
+		if i, j := a.block(), b.block(); i < 0 && j > 0 {
+			return 1
+		} else if i > 0 && j < 0 {
+			return -1
+		} else {
+			return cmp.Compare(i, j)
+		}
+	})
+
+	var s uint64
+	for _, t := range ts {
+		t.Offset = s
+		if err := ggufWriteTensorInfo(ws, t); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		s += t.Size()
+	}
+
+	var alignment int64 = 32
+	for _, t := range ts {
+		if err := ggufWriteTensor(ws, t, alignment); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func ggufWriteKV(ws io.WriteSeeker, k string, v any) error {
+	slog.Debug(k, "type", fmt.Sprintf("%T", v))
+	if err := binary.Write(ws, binary.LittleEndian, uint64(len(k))); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if err := binary.Write(ws, binary.LittleEndian, []byte(k)); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	var err error
+	switch v := v.(type) {
+	case uint32:
+		err = writeGGUF(ws, ggufTypeUint32, v)
+	case float32:
+		err = writeGGUF(ws, ggufTypeFloat32, v)
+	case bool:
+		err = writeGGUF(ws, ggufTypeBool, v)
+	case string:
+		err = writeGGUFString(ws, v)
+	case []int32:
+		err = writeGGUFArray(ws, ggufTypeInt32, v)
+	case []uint32:
+		err = writeGGUFArray(ws, ggufTypeUint32, v)
+	case []float32:
+		err = writeGGUFArray(ws, ggufTypeFloat32, v)
+	case []string:
+		if err := binary.Write(ws, binary.LittleEndian, ggufTypeArray); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		if err := binary.Write(ws, binary.LittleEndian, ggufTypeString); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		if err := binary.Write(ws, binary.LittleEndian, uint64(len(v))); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		for _, e := range v {
+			if err := binary.Write(ws, binary.LittleEndian, uint64(len(e))); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+
+			if err := binary.Write(ws, binary.LittleEndian, []byte(e)); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("improper type for '%s'", k)
+	}
+
+	return err
+}
+
+func ggufWriteTensorInfo(ws io.WriteSeeker, t Tensor) error {
+	slog.Debug(t.Name, "kind", t.Kind, "shape", t.Shape, "offset", t.Offset)
+	if err := binary.Write(ws, binary.LittleEndian, uint64(len(t.Name))); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if err := binary.Write(ws, binary.LittleEndian, []byte(t.Name)); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if err := binary.Write(ws, binary.LittleEndian, uint32(len(t.Shape))); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	for i := range len(t.Shape) {
+		if err := binary.Write(ws, binary.LittleEndian, t.Shape[len(t.Shape)-i-1]); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	if err := binary.Write(ws, binary.LittleEndian, t.Kind); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return binary.Write(ws, binary.LittleEndian, t.Offset)
+}
+
+func ggufWriteTensor(ws io.WriteSeeker, t Tensor, alignment int64) error {
+	offset, err := ws.Seek(0, io.SeekCurrent)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if err := binary.Write(ws, binary.LittleEndian, bytes.Repeat([]byte{0}, int(ggufPadding(offset, alignment)))); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	_, err = t.WriteTo(ws)
+	return err
+}
+
+func ggufPadding(offset, align int64) int64 {
+	return (align - offset%align) % align
+}

fs/ggml/type.go

@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+package ggml
+
+import "fmt"
+
+type fileType uint32
+
+const (
+	fileTypeF32 fileType = iota
+	fileTypeF16
+	fileTypeQ4_0
+	fileTypeQ4_1
+	fileTypeQ4_1_F16
+	fileTypeQ4_2 // unused
+	fileTypeQ4_3 // unused
+	fileTypeQ8_0
+	fileTypeQ5_0
+	fileTypeQ5_1
+	fileTypeQ2_K
+	fileTypeQ3_K_S
+	fileTypeQ3_K_M
+	fileTypeQ3_K_L
+	fileTypeQ4_K_S
+	fileTypeQ4_K_M
+	fileTypeQ5_K_S
+	fileTypeQ5_K_M
+	fileTypeQ6_K
+	fileTypeIQ2_XXS
+	fileTypeIQ2_XS
+	fileTypeQ2_K_S
+	fileTypeIQ3_XS
+	fileTypeIQ3_XXS
+	fileTypeIQ1_S
+	fileTypeIQ4_NL
+	fileTypeIQ3_S
+	fileTypeIQ3_M
+	fileTypeIQ2_S
+	fileTypeIQ2_M
+	fileTypeIQ4_XS
+	fileTypeIQ1_M
+	fileTypeBF16
+
+	fileTypeUnknown
+)
+
+func ParseFileType(s string) (fileType, error) {
+	switch s {
+	case "F32":
+		return fileTypeF32, nil
+	case "F16":
+		return fileTypeF16, nil
+	case "Q4_0":
+		return fileTypeQ4_0, nil
+	case "Q4_1":
+		return fileTypeQ4_1, nil
+	case "Q4_1_F16":
+		return fileTypeQ4_1_F16, nil
+	case "Q8_0":
+		return fileTypeQ8_0, nil
+	case "Q5_0":
+		return fileTypeQ5_0, nil
+	case "Q5_1":
+		return fileTypeQ5_1, nil
+	case "Q2_K":
+		return fileTypeQ2_K, nil
+	case "Q3_K_S":
+		return fileTypeQ3_K_S, nil
+	case "Q3_K_M":
+		return fileTypeQ3_K_M, nil
+	case "Q3_K_L":
+		return fileTypeQ3_K_L, nil
+	case "Q4_K_S":
+		return fileTypeQ4_K_S, nil
+	case "Q4_K_M":
+		return fileTypeQ4_K_M, nil
+	case "Q5_K_S":
+		return fileTypeQ5_K_S, nil
+	case "Q5_K_M":
+		return fileTypeQ5_K_M, nil
+	case "Q6_K":
+		return fileTypeQ6_K, nil
+	case "IQ2_XXS":
+		return fileTypeIQ2_XXS, nil
+	case "IQ2_XS":
+		return fileTypeIQ2_XS, nil
+	case "Q2_K_S":
+		return fileTypeQ2_K_S, nil
+	case "IQ3_XS":
+		return fileTypeIQ3_XS, nil
+	case "IQ3_XXS":
+		return fileTypeIQ3_XXS, nil
+	case "IQ1_S":
+		return fileTypeIQ1_S, nil
+	case "IQ4_NL":
+		return fileTypeIQ4_NL, nil
+	case "IQ3_S":
+		return fileTypeIQ3_S, nil
+	case "IQ3_M":
+		return fileTypeIQ3_M, nil
+	case "IQ2_S":
+		return fileTypeIQ2_S, nil
+	case "IQ2_M":
+		return fileTypeIQ2_M, nil
+	case "IQ4_XS":
+		return fileTypeIQ4_XS, nil
+	case "IQ1_M":
+		return fileTypeIQ1_M, nil
+	case "BF16":
+		return fileTypeBF16, nil
+	default:
+		return fileTypeUnknown, fmt.Errorf("unknown fileType: %s", s)
+	}
+}
+
+func (t fileType) String() string {
+	switch t {
+	case fileTypeF32:
+		return "F32"
+	case fileTypeF16:
+		return "F16"
+	case fileTypeQ4_0:
+		return "Q4_0"
+	case fileTypeQ4_1:
+		return "Q4_1"
+	case fileTypeQ4_1_F16:
+		return "Q4_1_F16"
+	case fileTypeQ8_0:
+		return "Q8_0"
+	case fileTypeQ5_0:
+		return "Q5_0"
+	case fileTypeQ5_1:
+		return "Q5_1"
+	case fileTypeQ2_K:
+		return "Q2_K"
+	case fileTypeQ3_K_S:
+		return "Q3_K_S"
+	case fileTypeQ3_K_M:
+		return "Q3_K_M"
+	case fileTypeQ3_K_L:
+		return "Q3_K_L"
+	case fileTypeQ4_K_S:
+		return "Q4_K_S"
+	case fileTypeQ4_K_M:
+		return "Q4_K_M"
+	case fileTypeQ5_K_S:
+		return "Q5_K_S"
+	case fileTypeQ5_K_M:
+		return "Q5_K_M"
+	case fileTypeQ6_K:
+		return "Q6_K"
+	case fileTypeIQ2_XXS:
+		return "IQ2_XXS"
+	case fileTypeIQ2_XS:
+		return "IQ2_XS"
+	case fileTypeQ2_K_S:
+		return "Q2_K_S"
+	case fileTypeIQ3_XS:
+		return "IQ3_XS"
+	case fileTypeIQ3_XXS:
+		return "IQ3_XXS"
+	case fileTypeIQ1_S:
+		return "IQ1_S"
+	case fileTypeIQ4_NL:
+		return "IQ4_NL"
+	case fileTypeIQ3_S:
+		return "IQ3_S"
+	case fileTypeIQ3_M:
+		return "IQ3_M"
+	case fileTypeIQ2_S:
+		return "IQ2_S"
+	case fileTypeIQ4_XS:
+		return "IQ4_XS"
+	case fileTypeIQ2_M:
+		return "IQ2_M"
+	case fileTypeIQ1_M:
+		return "IQ1_M"
+	case fileTypeBF16:
+		return "BF16"
+	default:
+		return "unknown"
+	}
+}
+
+func (t fileType) Value() uint32 {
+	return uint32(t)
+}